Class 9 Geography Chapter 4: Climate

 Class 9 Geography  Chapter 4: Climate

Climate and Weather Basics

  • Q: What is the difference between 'climate' and 'weather'?

    • A: Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions over a large area for a long period (more than 30 years), while weather refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at any specific point in time.

  • Q: What type of climate does India have?

    • A: India has a 'monsoon' type of climate, which is characteristic of South and Southeast Asia.

  • Q: From which language is the word 'monsoon' derived?

    • A: It is derived from the Arabic word 'mausim', which literally means season.

  • Q: Which regions in India experience the highest and lowest temperatures in summer?

    • A: In summer, the mercury occasionally touches 50°C in parts of the Rajasthan desert, while it may be around 20°C in Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir.

Climatic Controls

  • Q: What are the six major controls of the climate of any place?

    • A: Latitude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea (continentality), ocean currents, and relief features.

  • Q: What is the 'Coriolis force'?

    • A: An apparent force caused by the earth's rotation that deflects winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere (also known as Ferrel’s Law).

  • Q: What are 'jet streams'?

    • A: They are a narrow belt of high-altitude (above 12,000 m) westerly winds in the troposphere that significantly influence India's climate.

  • Q: Which atmospheric phenomenon brings winter rainfall to the northern and northwestern parts of India?

    • A: The Western Cyclonic Disturbances, which originate over the Mediterranean Sea.

The Indian Monsoon

  • Q: What is meant by the 'burst of the monsoon'?

    • A: The phenomenon where the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues constantly for several days around the time of the monsoon's arrival.

  • Q: What is the 'El Nino' phenomenon?

    • A: A periodic warm ocean current that flows past the Peruvian coast (replacing the cold Peruvian current), which affects pressure conditions and can cause delayed or weak monsoons in India.

  • Q: What is the 'Southern Oscillation' (SO)?

    • A: The periodic reversal of pressure conditions between the tropical eastern South Pacific Ocean and the tropical eastern Indian Ocean. (When combined with El Nino, it is known as ENSO).

  • Q: Into which two branches does the Indian Peninsula divide the advancing monsoon winds?

    • A: The Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch.

The Seasons

  • Q: What is 'Loo'?

    • A: These are strong, gusty, hot, and dry winds blowing during the day over the north and northwestern regions of India in the summer.

  • Q: What are 'Kaal Baisakhi'?

    • A: Violent thunderstorms associated with strong winds and torrential downpours, often accompanied by hail, occurring in West Bengal during the hot weather season.

  • Q: What are 'Mango Showers'?

    • A: Pre-monsoon showers occurring towards the close of the summer season in Kerala and Karnataka, which help in the early ripening of mangoes.

  • Q: What is 'October Heat'?

    • A: The period of oppressive weather in October caused by clear skies, high temperatures, and high humidity following the retreat of the monsoon.

Distribution of Rainfall

  • Q: Which place in India receives the highest average rainfall in the world?

    • A: Mawsynram, located in the southern ranges of the Khasi Hills in Meghalaya.

  • Q: Which parts of India receive less than 60 cm of rainfall annually?

    • A: Western Rajasthan and adjoining parts of Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab.

  • Q: Why does the Coromandel Coast receive the bulk of its rainfall in winter?

    • A: Because it receives moisture from the retreating northeast monsoon winds that blow from land to sea, picking up moisture from the Bay of Bengal along the way.


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