Class 9 Political Science Chapter 4: Working of Institutions

 Class 9 Political Science Chapter 4: Working of Institutions

Policy Decisions and the Mandal Commission

  • Q: What is an 'Office Memorandum'?

    • A: It is a formal communication issued by an appropriate authority stating a policy decision made by the government.

  • Q: What was the primary recommendation of the Mandal Commission (SEBC)?

    • A: It recommended that 27% of government jobs be reserved for the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC).

  • Q: Which Prime Minister formally announced the implementation of the Mandal Commission report in 1990?

    • A: Prime Minister V.P. Singh, the leader of the Janata Dal.

  • Q: Which institution finally resolved the widespread dispute and protests regarding the Mandal Commission order?

    • A: The Supreme Court of India, in a famous case known as the 'Indira Sawhney and others Vs Union of India case'.

The Parliament: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha

  • Q: Why does a democracy need a Parliament?

    • A: It is the final authority for making new laws, changing existing laws, and controlling the government's money and public finances.

  • Q: What are the two Houses of the Indian Parliament called?

    • A: The Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States).

  • Q: Which House of Parliament is more powerful regarding money matters and the budget?

    • A: The Lok Sabha; if it passes the government budget or any money-related law, the Rajya Sabha can only delay it by 14 days, but cannot reject it.

  • Q: What happens if there is a difference of opinion between the two Houses on an ordinary bill?

    • A: A joint session of both Houses is called, but the view of the Lok Sabha usually prevails because it has a significantly larger number of members.

  • Q: What is a 'No-Confidence Motion'?

    • A: A motion passed by the Lok Sabha indicating it has lost confidence in the ruling government; if passed, the Prime Minister and all ministers must resign.

The Executive: Political and Permanent

  • Q: Who forms the 'Political Executive'?

    • A: The political leaders elected by the people for a specific period who take all the major policy decisions.

  • Q: Who forms the 'Permanent Executive' (or civil services)?

    • A: The civil servants (like IAS officers) who are appointed on a long-term basis to assist the political executive in day-to-day administration.

  • Q: Why does the political executive have more power than the permanent executive, even if the latter is more educated?

    • A: Because in a democracy, the will of the people is supreme, and the political executive is directly elected by and answerable to the people.

  • Q: Who is the head of the State in India?

    • A: The President of India.

  • Q: Who is the head of the Government in India?

    • A: The Prime Minister.

  • Q: What is the 'Cabinet'?

    • A: It is the inner ring of the Council of Ministers, comprising about 25 top-level leaders of the ruling party who meet to take major decisions in the name of the Council of Ministers.

The President of India

  • Q: How is the President of India elected?

    • A: The President is not elected directly by the people, but by an electoral college consisting of all the elected Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs).

  • Q: What does the President need to do for a bill passed by Parliament to become a law?

    • A: The bill must receive the President's assent (signature).

  • Q: Who is the Supreme Commander of the defense forces of India?

    • A: The President of India.

The Judiciary

  • Q: What constitutes the Indian Judiciary?

    • A: All the courts at different levels in the country put together, including the Supreme Court, High Courts, District Courts, and local courts.

  • Q: What does 'Independence of the Judiciary' mean?

    • A: It means the judiciary is not under the control of the legislature or the executive, ensuring judges do not act on the direction of the ruling government.

  • Q: What is 'Judicial Review'?

    • A: The power of the Supreme Court and High Courts to determine the constitutional validity of any legislation or executive action in the country.

  • Q: What is a Public Interest Litigation (PIL)?

    • A: A mechanism that allows any citizen or group to approach the courts on behalf of the public if a government action hurts public interest.

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